Secretion of growth factors (e.g., platelet-derived growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor) from the lungs.Vasodilation (i.e., distended blood vessels). The exact cause for sporadic clubbing is unknown. A congenital form has also been recognized. Therefore, in patients with COPD and significant degrees of clubbing, a search for signs of bronchogenic carcinoma (or other causes of clubbing) might still be indicated. Nail clubbing is not specific to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Vascular anomalies of the affected arm such as an axillary artery aneurysm (in unilateral clubbing).Familial and hereditary clubbing and "pseudoclubbing" (people of African descent often have what appears to be clubbing).Graves' disease (autoimmune hyperthyroidism) – in this case it is known as thyroid acropachy.Hepatopulmonary syndrome, a complication of cirrhosis.
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